资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
漂亮的加拿大一枝黄花为何成为“恶魔之花”******
近日,一热心网友在湖北省武汉市城市留言板留言发现一重要入侵物种加拿大一枝黄花,该市农业局迅速响应并妥善处理。
网友城市留言板留言及回复
(图片来源:网络)
党的二十大报告明确提出:“加强生物安全管理,防治外来物种侵害”。防治外来物种侵害,事关生物安全,受到各界关注。在深秋季节,我们常常可以在路边看到一种盛开黄花的植物,这种植物就是加拿大一枝黄花,看看下图中美丽的花朵,你能想象它被部分生态学家、植物学家们戏称为“生态杀手”“恶魔之花”吗?在原产地,加拿大一枝黄花是难得的兼具观赏和药用的植物。但是它们到我国成功定殖以后,逐渐衍变成“生态杀手”——“恶魔之花”。
加拿大一枝黄花
(图片来源:中国植物志)
如何识别加拿大一枝花?它从哪里来?
路遇小黄花,到底该如何认清它们呢?首先明确,咱们本土是存在一枝黄花的,而且有好几种,与加拿大一枝黄花同属。比如一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、钝苞一枝黄花(Solidago pacifica)、毛果一枝黄花(Solidago virgaurea)。这些都是无害的本土植物,我们不用挨个都分得明明白白,只需要搞清楚它们和加拿大一枝黄花的区别就行。
加拿大一枝黄花(学名:Solidago canadensis L.)是桔梗目菊科的植物,又名黄莺、麒麟草。多年生草本植物,有长根状茎。最高可达2.5米。叶披针形或线状披针形,长5-12厘米。头状花序很小(4-6毫米),在花序分枝上单面着生,多数弯曲的花序分枝与单面着生的头状花序,形成开展的圆锥状花序。总苞片线状披针形,长3-4毫米。边缘舌状花很短。
加拿大一枝黄花
(图片来源:中国植物志)
加拿大一枝黄花原产于北美,是美国东北部和加拿大分布最多的多年生草本植物,现已成为世界范围内的入侵植物。到目前为止,它已经蔓延到大多数欧洲国家、亚洲、澳大利亚、新西兰和其他地区。从山坡林地到沼泽地带均可生长,常见于城乡荒地、住宅旁、废弃地、厂区、山坡、河坡、免耕地、公路边、铁路沿线、农田边、绿化地带。
加拿大一枝花在世界各地的分布
(图片来源:Chemistry Biodiversity)
加拿大一枝黄花会造成哪些危害?
作为一种多年生草本园艺植物,加拿大一枝黄花自1935年作为观赏植物引入上海、南京等地以来,现于我国广泛分布。种子数量极多,种子萌发成活率高。它能在荒地或受干扰的环境中迅速形成幼苗种群,并迅速蔓延,成为一种常见杂草。例如,研究发现一个6株的小群体8年可以演变成1400余株的大种群。它们对众多生态系统(如农田、荒地、草地、森林等)具有显著的负面影响,据统计,一旦该植物成功入侵果园,可造成10%-30%的经济损失,苗圃5%-15%,蔬菜3%-15%,甚至可造成部分经济作物绝收。
路边的加拿大一枝花
(图片来源:网络)
加拿大一枝花的大规模生长也会导致了许多乡土物种的生态位和多样性的减少,对当地的农、林、牧、渔业及其相关产业造成了严重的负面影响。已成为威胁我国本土生物多样性和生态环境的重要因素之一。更为严重的是,它甚至会危害人类健康和社会经济;随着全球经济、国际贸易、旅游业和交通运输业的迅速发展和壮大,其危害也在不断加剧。因此,已被登记为目前中国最危险的外来入侵植物之一。
加拿大一枝花为何在入侵地难逢敌手?
加拿大一枝黄花有三个特点:第一,繁殖能力强,无性有性繁殖方式结合;第二,传播能力强,可以通过种子随风传播,也能通过根状茎横走传播;第三,生长期长,在其他秋季杂草枯萎或停止生长的时候,加拿大一枝黄花依然茂盛,花黄叶绿,而且地下根茎继续横走,不断吞食其他杂草的领地,而此时其他杂草已无力与之竞争。
这三个特点使得它对所到之处本土物种产生严重威胁,易成为单一的加拿大一枝黄花生长区,造成许多经济作物直接减产,此外,加拿大一枝黄花还可以释放化感物质抑制其他植物种子萌发和幼苗生长,对本土植物产生抑制作用,对生物多样性构成严重威胁。
伴随着全球经济一体化加速发展,全球外来物种入侵呈现快速增长趋势,但远未达到饱和状态,“这不仅是中国的现状,也是全世界的现状”。外来物种成功入侵往往需要引进、入侵、建立和传播等几个主要阶段,在各个阶段我们都可以建立保护措施。我们应当树立防范外来入侵物种,保护生物多样性的意识,不随意购买、放生动植物,共同成为生态文明的守护者!发现加拿大一枝黄花应及时向有关部门举报。
作者:陈晓童(湖北大学生命科学学院在读研究生)
科学性把关:徐乐天(湖北大学副教授、博士生导师)
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)